Method for enhancing the performance and general condition of a subject

ABSTRACT

The invention concerns the therapy with a cardiac resynchronisation device (CRT) and/or therapy with an automated internal cardiac defibrilator (ICD) for the treatment of subjects without cardiac diseases, in particular patients with any cancer or patients with cachexia due to acute or chronic illness other than cardiac illness, including malignant tumor disease, COPD, chronic renal failure, liver cirrhosis, chronic infections, and/or AIDS. 
     The invention is implemented by a method comprising the connection of the heart of the subject with a cardiac pacemaker, in particular to reduce symptoms of shortness of breath, weakness and fatigue, and/or to reduce and/or reverse weight loss and/or to reduce and/or to reverse muscle wasting, and/or to improve general quality of life, and/or to reduce hospitalization length or rate or frequency, and/or to reduce cause-specific mortality, and/or to reduce total mortality, and/or to improve any combined endpoint of the above, and/or to improve compliance to cancer therapy, particularly chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

The invention concerns the therapy with a cardiac resynchronisation device (CRT) and/or therapy with an automated internal cardiac defibrillator (ICD) for treating patients with any cancer or patients with cachexia due to acute or chronic illness other than cardiac illness, including malignant tumor disease, COPD, chronic renal failure, liver cirrhosis, chronic infections, and/or AIDS. Areas of application are the life sciences, in particular medicine and medical technology.

It is common medical knowledge that death rates in patients with cachexia are higher than death rates in patients without cachexia in any chronic illness.

The aim of the present invention is therefore to make available an easy and efficient method for the treatment of patients, in particular human patients, suffering from cancer or cachexia due to an acute or chronic illness other than cardiac illness. To this end, the implementation of the actions as described in the claims provides appropriate means to fulfill these demands in a satisfying manner.

Accordingly, the technical features of the invention in its different embodiments as specified in the claims, in the specification or in the examples are also implemented as a method for the preparation of a patient, in particular a human patient, having cancer or cachexia due to an acute or chronic illness other than cardiac illness, for/to a treatment for reducing and/or reversing weight loss and/or reversing muscle waisting by using a cardiac pace maker for regulating the heart beat of the patient.

The invention is based on the surprising finding that the use of cardiac pacemakers, including ICD and CRT devices enhances the performance and general condition of a subject without cardiac illness. Especially the invention enables the reduction of symptoms of shortness of breath, weakness and fatigue, reduces and reverses weight loss, reduces and reverses muscle wasting and reduces death rates in patients with any cancer or with cachexia due to acute or chronic illness other than cardiac illness, including cancer, COPD, chronic renal failure, liver cirrhosis, chronic infections, and AIDS.

In no treatment guideline for cancer, COPD, chronic renal failure, liver cirrhosis, chronic infections, and AIDS the use of pacemakers, particularly of CRT and ICD devices, has been discussed or even suggested to be indicated.

In patients with cardiac illness—particularly for patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) with regards to CRT devices and for patients with coronary artery disease or chronic heart failure and low ejection fraction with regards to ICD devices—the use of such devices leads to better symptom status (CRT devices) or lower mortality (ICD and CRT devices). The implantation of such devices is technically not very difficult and is considered a routine procedure by cardiologists.

The invention is therefore directed to improve the physical performance and general condition of a subject without a cardiac disease, in particular for enabling a therapy for a patient suffering from symptoms of shortness of breath, weakness and fatigue, and/or weight loss.

The inventive method is characterized by the connection of the heart of a patient suffering from cancer or from cachexia due to acute or chronic illness other than cardiac illness with a cardiac pacemaker. Advantageously, the connection can be performed by any standard method or any other known procedure for connecting a heart with a cardiac pacemaker.

Particularly it is preferred, when the heart of a patient suffering from cancer, COPD, chronic renal failure, liver cirrhosis, chronic infections and/or AIDS and/or suffering from other non-cardiac disease causing or associated with cachexia and/or weight loss, is connected with the pacemaker. Most preferably the heart of a patient with cancer, in particular pancreatic cancer, is connected with the cardiac pace maker.

In principle, all possible cardiac pacemakers are appropriate for putting the invention into practice. Preferably a cardiac resynchronisation device (CRT) and/or an automated internal cardiac defibrillator (ICD) is connected with the heart. In a further preferred embodiment of the invention a cardiac resynchronisation device and an automated internal cardiac defibrillator (CRT-D) are connected with the heart.

In another preferred embodiment, the inventive method further comprises the implantation of the cardiac pacemaker in the patient and/or the use of the cardiac pacemaker for regulating the beating of the heart to which it is connected, in particular the use of a cardiac resynchronisation device (CRT) and/or an automated internal cardiac defibrillator (ICD). In a further preferred embodiment of the invention a cardiac resynchronisation device and an automated internal cardiac defibrillator (CRT-D) connected with the heart are used to regulate the beating of the heart.

In a further preferred embodiment, the inventive method, in particular the use of the cardiac pacemaker for regulating the heart beat, is performed in such a way, that the plasma level of natriuretic peptides, in particular ANP and/or BNP, is reduced in the patient.

In particular, it is preferred to execute the inventive method by connecting the cardiac pacemaker with the heart and/or by using the same for regulating the heart beat of a patient with raised levels of natriuretic peptides, particularity with a raised plasma level or raised serum level of ANP, BNP, pro-ANP, NT-proANP NT-proBNP or MR-proANP.

The term “raised levels” as described herein concerns levels/concentrations of natriuretic peptides being significantly higher in the body fluid of a subject without cardiac illness but suffering from cancer or cachexia due to acute or chronic illness other than cardiac illness, including cancer of the prostate, COPD, chronic renal failure, liver cirrhosis, chronic infections, and/or AIDS, in comparison with a healthy subject. In particular the level is considered to be raised when the level is above the upper limit of normal of the respective age- and gender-adjusted normal range as defined from a population of healthy subjects, preferably 1 to 10 times that of the upper limit of normal, more preferable 1 to 4 times that of the upper limit of normal, and even more preferable 1 to 2 times that of the upper limit of normal.

In yet a further preferred embodiment of the inventive method the cardiac pacemaker connected to the heart is used for regulating the heart beat in such a way that intrinsic metabolic changes are induced in the skeletal musculature or in the fat tissue of the patient and/or is used in such a way that the frequency of cardiac arrythmias is reduced and/or that cardiac arrythmias are terminated.

In yet another preferred embodiment of the inventive method the cardiac pacemaker is connected with the heart and/or the cardiac pacemaker is used for regulating the heart beat of a patient with increased frequency of significant arrythmias as assessed in surface ECG or 24 hour ECG, in particular assessed in 3- or 12 channel surface ECG and/or a 24 hour ECG.

In still another preferred embodiment of the invention, the presence of ventricular tachycardia or increased frequency of ventricular extra systolies is diagnosed and/or the presence of raised plasma levels or serum levels of procalcitonin is diagnosed.

Preferably, in the inventive method the cardiac pacemaker is used for regulating the heart beat in such a way that the development of cardiac arrythmias and/or of heart failure is reduced in patients with cancer, who are treated with drugs that are known to be cardiotoxic, and/or if the treatment with the pacemaker is accompanied by the use of a beta-blocker.

It is furthermore preferred to execute the inventive method in its different embodiments if the connection with, the use of, and/or the treatment with the pacemaker is accompanied by the use of an anti-arrhythmic drug, in particular by the use of Amiodarone, Chinidin, Procainamid, Disopyramid, Ajmalin, Lidocain, Mexiletin, Phenytoin, Flecainid, Propafenon, Metoprolol, Bisoprolol, Nebivolov, Dronedaron, Sotalol, Bretylium, Verapimil, Bucindolol, Carvedilol, Atenolol, Propranolol and/or Diltiazem.

In cancer, the invention improves cancer treatment compliance (particularly chemotherapy & radiotherapy), as these are often stopped early because of the poor clinical and symptom status of the patients, and the treatment according to the invention prevents and/or reverses these problems.

Other features and advantages of the invention in its different embodiments will also become apparent from the following detailed description and examples.

1) ICD Devices

It is now concluded that patients with cachexia without cardiac disease have an increased frequency of arrhythmias leading to an increased frequency of sudden death.

To exemplify this, it was found in the work leading to the invention, that in patients with cachexia due to pancreatic cancer in whom it was proven that cardiac disease was not present, the frequency of significant arrythmias in the 24-hour ECG was 66.7% (8 of 12 patients) compared to 16.7% (2 of 12) in healthy controls (p<0.05, see example 1).

Examples 2 to 4 provide examples of the inventive kind of treatment and the resulting benefits in patients with any cancer or in patients with cachexia due to acute or chronic illness other than cardiac illness, including cancer, COPD, chronic renal failure, liver cirrhosis, chronic infections, and AIDS.

2) CRT Devices

CRT devices are know to be able to reduce plasma levels of natriuretic peptides in patients with heart disease.

Natriuretic peptides are known to be lipolytic hormones. In the context with the invention it is now concluded therefore that they contribute to fat tissue wasting.

In patients with any cancer or patients with cachexia due to acute or chronic illness other than cardiac illness, including cancer, COPD, chronic renal failure, liver cirrhosis, chronic infections, and AIDS, it is now feasible according to the invention that CRT devices reduce plasma levels of natriuretic peptides, like ANP or BNP.

Hence, according to the invention, CRT devices act to have anti-cachectic effects, which result in clinical benefit (see examples 2 to 4).

In the following practical examples of the invention it is, inter alia, demonstrated

-   -   that a substantial proportion of patients with cancer suffer         from increased frequency of severe arrythmias including         ventricular extra systolies (VES) and ventricular tachycardia         (VT). (example 5)     -   that the presence of significant ventricular extra systolies         (VES) or of ventricular tachycardia (VT) is associated with         increased mortality in patients with cancer who are considered         to have no cardiac illness. (example 6)     -   that a substantial proportion of patients with cancer have         raised levels of natriuretic peptides and that these increased         levels are associated with poorer exercise capacity. (example 7)     -   that a substantial proportion of patients with cancer have         raised levels of the biomarker procalcitonin and that these         increased levels are associated with increased frequency of         arrythmias. (example 8)     -   that a substantial proportion of patients with cancer suffer         from prolonged QRS time of the ECG despite normal global cardiac         function as measured by echocardiography. (example 9)

Furthermore a practical example for treating different patients suffering of several symptoms is provided (example 10).

EXAMPLE 1 Shortness of Breath in Pancreatic Cancer The Muscle Hypothesis of Heart Failure Does Apply Beyond Cardiology

Background: In cancer, shortness of breath is frequently seen. Its pathophysiologic origin is unclear. Shortness of breath is a key sign of heart failure, and the muscle hypothesis suggests that this is due to metabolic changes within the skeletal muscle, independently of left ventricular (LV) function. An aim of the work was to test, whether the muscle hypothesis also applies to patients with pancreatic cancer (P-Ca).

Methods: 17 patients with recent onset of P-Ca (age 61±11 yrs, 9 female) were examined, where wasting is known to occur. Symptom limited exercise capacity (treadmill, RQ 1.1±0.1 vs. 1.1±0.1), LV function (echocardiography), 24 hour ECG (consented to by 12 patients) and body composition (DEXA-scan) were assessed. None of the patients had a history of cardiac disease or any clinical sign of cardiac limitation. 12 healthy subjects of similar age served as controls (age 59±7 yrs, 7 female).

Results: LV ejection fraction (LVEF) was not different between controls (63±5%) and P-Ca (61±11%, p=0.55), as was LV end diastolic diameter (LVEDD, 50±6 vs 45±6 mm, p=0.1). BMI (22±3 vs 26±5 kg/m², p=0.012) was reduced in P-Ca patients. In 8 of 12 P-Ca patients and 2 of 12 controls ectopic ventricular activity was observed in the 24-hour ECG (p<0.05). All P-Ca patients had QRS duration<130 ms. Compared to controls, patients with P-Ca had similar total body lean tissue mass (47±12 vs. 48±9 kg, p=0.65) and bone mineral content (2.5±0.6 vs. 2.6±0.5 kg, p=0.78), but lower total fat tissue mass (12.6±4 vs 22.1±10.4 kg, p=0.002) and fat tissue content (21±7 vs 32±11%, p=0.002). Exercise capacity (exercise time: 12±5 vs 18±6 min, p=0.02, peak VO₂ 19±5 vs 26±7 mL/min/kg, p=0.017) and anaerobic threshold (12±2 vs 15±3 mL/min/kg, p=0.02) were reduced in P-Ca patients, but the VE/VCO₂-slope was increased (35±9 vs 29±5, p=0.04). In controls, total peak VO₂ related to the amount of lean tissue (r=0.9, p<0.0001), but in P-Ca patients this relationship was not present (r=0.5, p=0.1). Consequently, peak VO₂ per kg lean tissue was particularly reduced in P-Ca patients (23±9 vs 39±5 mL/min/kg, p<0.0001).

Conclusion: Exercise capacity and ventilatory efficiency are impaired in patients with P-Ca (similar to degrees seen in patients with moderate CHF), but cardiac function and dimensions were normal in these patients. As in cardiac cachexia, the degree of impaired exercise capacity did not relate to lean tissue mass. It is assumed, that symptom generation in P-Ca may be due to intrinsic metabolic changes of the skeletal musculature. Additionally, evidence of severe lipolysis (fat tissue wasting) and ectopic ventricular activity was found in patients with P-Ca. Both could be counter-acted using beta-blocker therapy

EXAMPLE 2

When patients with malignant cancer and cachexia (as evidenced by a body mass index<22 kg/m² or weight loss>5% compared to the pre-illness normal weight) are treated with a standard ICD device (for instance from the manufacturers Guidant, Medtronic or Biotronic), then the rate of sudden cardiac death is reduced in this cohort and the overall mortality rate decreases. Additionally, this treatment allows more aggressive chemo therapy and radiation therapy.

Also, this treatment—when combined with or replaced by treatment using a CRT device—enables to

a) reduce the frequency and/or intensity of weight loss or reverse prior weight loss, and b) improve symptom status with regards to shortness of breath and fatigue status, muscle strength and exercise capacity.

EXAMPLE 3

When patients with malignant cancer that requires chemotherapy or radiation therapy are treated with a standard ICD device (for instance from the manufacturers Guidant, Medtronic or Biotronic), then the rate of sudden cardiac death is reduced in this cohort and the overall mortality rate decreases. Additionally, this treatment allows more aggressive chemo therapy and/or radiation therapy.

Also this treatment—when combined with or replaced by treatment using a CRT device—enables to a) reduce the frequency and/or intensity of weight loss or reverse prior weight loss, and b) improve symptom status with regards to shortness of breath and fatigue status, muscle strength and exercise capacity.

EXAMPLE 4

When patients with acute or chronic illness other than cardiac illness, including COPD, chronic renal failure, liver cirrhosis, chronic infections, or AIDS and cachexia (as evidenced by a body mass index<22 kg/m² or weight loss>5% compared to the pre-illness normal weight) are treated with a standard ICD device (for instance from the manufacturers Guidant, Medtronic or Biotronic), then the rate of sudden cardiac death is reduced in this cohort and the overall mortality rate decreases.

Also this treatment—when combined with or replaced by treatment using a CRT device—enables to a) reduce the frequency and/or intensity of weight loss or reverse prior weight loss, and b) improve symptom status with regards to shortness of breath and fatigue status, muscle strength and exercise capacity.

In the following examples further data is provided to demonstrate the invention as being useful and successful in the areas of application and to prove its practicability and valuable asset. This data is obtained from cancer patients who have no specific cardiac disease, who have no cardiac tumor, and who are not treated with cardiotoxic chemotherapies.

EXAMPLE 5

The research on patients as in example 1 was extended. These patients suffer from pancreatic cancer (P-Ca) with and without cachexia.

Methods: 44 patients with recent onset of P-Ca (mean age 58 yrs, 30% female) were examined, where wasting is known to occur. Symptom limited exercise capacity (treadmill), LV function (echocardiography), 24 hour ECG and survival follow-up as well as neurohormonal assessments were performed.

Assessment of 2 biomarkers: Mid-regional pro-ANP (MR-proANP) was analysed from EDTA plasma, immediately frozen at −80° C. until analysis. Detection of MR-proANP was performed using a sandwich immunoassay (MR-proANP LIA; B.R.A.H.M.S AG, Hennigsdorf/Berlin, Germany) as described in detail in the following reference: Morgenthaler N G, Struck J, Thomas B, Bergmann A. Immunoluminometric assay for the midregion of pro-atrial natriuretic peptide in human plasma. Clin Chem 2004; 50:234-236.

The functional assay sensitivity (inter-assay coefficient of variance<20%) is 20 pmol/L, and the stability of MR-proANP at room temperature is >24 hours

This assay allows measurement of MR-proANP in serum and plasma (with EDTA, heparin, or citrate). Median MR-proANP in 325 healthy individuals in previous investigations was 45 pmol/L (95% CI 43-49 pmol/L), reference: Morgenthaler N G, Struck J, Thomas B, Bergmann A. Immunoluminometric assay for the midregion of pro-atrial natriuretic peptide in human plasma. Clin Chem 2004; 50:234-236.

The assessment of procalcitonin as a novel tissue inflammatory marker was performed in plasma using an established test kit (B.R.A.H.M.S AG). For reference see the following publications: a) Morgenthaler N G, Struck J, Fischer-Schulz C, Bergmann A. Sensitive immunoluminometric assay for the detection of procalcitonin. Clin Chem. 2002; 48:788-90. and b) Christ-Crain M, Jaccard-Stolz D, Bingisser R, Gencay M M, Huber P R, Tamm M, Muller B. Effect of procalcitonin-guided treatment on antibiotic use and outcome in lower respiratory tract infections: cluster-randomised, single-blinded intervention trial. Lancet. 2004; 363:600-7.

Results: In the patient group as a whole ventricular arrythmias were more frequent (p<0.01) than in 27 healthy control subjects of similar age. We found a variety of different ventricular and supra-ventricular arrythmias in all but 2 patients. Evidence of severe arrhythmia in 6 patients (14.4%) was found but not in any of the control subjects (p<0.05). The arrythmias consisted of 3 cases of ventricular tachycardia (VT) and 3 cases of >10000 VES in the 24 hour ECG. There were a further 2 cases (4.5%) with 1632 and 5821 VES respectively, which is above the upper boundary of the 95% confidence interval of VES in healthy controls in our population.

In table sets 1 to 4 the clinical characteristics of patients with severe arrythmias vs patients without such arrythmias are detailed. The general clinical characteristics (age, BMI, cancer severity as measured by UICC score) Were similar (all p>0.20) as well as markers of cardiac status (LVEF, LVEDD, blood pressure, NYHA class) (all p>0.20). Peak VO2 adjusted for body weight appeared to differ slightly (p=0.084), but total peak VO2 and exercise time were similar (both p>0.3).

Importantly, inserts O and P on Table set 4 (as well as FIGS. 1 and 2) show that plasma levels of MR-proANP (88 vs 147 pmol/L, p=0.10) and particularly procalcitonin (6.64 vs 0.05 ng/mL, p=0.0009) were increased in patients with severe arrhythmia in P-Ca. These parameters may serve as biomarkers for detecting risk of arrhythmia in cancer.

EXAMPLE 6

In the patients studied in example 5, a follow-up for survival assessment was performed. The follow-up was up to 18 months with a median of 7 months.

Results: Patients with VT or >10000 VES on-24 hour ECG and cancer who do not suffer from known cardiac disease and show no cardiac abnormalities on detailed echocardiographic study do have impaired survival (FIGS. 3 a, 3 b, 3 c). The patients with VT or >10000 VES on 24 hour ECG have a 12 month mortality of 68.8% vs a 12 month mortality of 44.1% in patients without such finding.

It was found that raised levels of VES in 24 hour ECG are associated with higher mortality—during up to 18 month follow-up (median 7 months), per 1000 more VES in the 24 hour ECG the mortality risk increased by 5.3% (FIGS. 4 a, 4 b).

EXAMPLE 7

It was found in further statistical analyses of example 5 that higher MR-proANP levels in cancer patients significantly correlated with worse exercise capacity (FIG. 5). 93% of patients with cancer had abnormal MR-proANP levels (>49 pmol/L), and 15 patients had MR-proANP levels>98 pmol/L.

EXAMPLE 8

It was found in further statistical analyses of example 5 that higher procalcitonin levels in cancer patients highly significantly correlated with higher frequency of VES in the 24 hour ECG (FIG. 6).

EXAMPLE 9

In a subgroup of patients and controls studied in example 5, it was feasible to assess surface ECG's for QRS duration.

Result: In patients with P-Ca, 6 of 25 patients (24%) had an ECG-QRS duration≧120 ms, but none of 12 controls in whom the analysis could be performed (p<0.05).

EXAMPLE 10

If a) a patient with low body mass index (<26 kg/m2) or weight loss (>6% since disease onset) and any cancer, b) a patient with colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer or prostate cancer regardless of the body mass index or weight loss, or c) a patient with any cancer in which a cardio-toxic chemotherapy is performed or planned, is treated according to the invention, then treatment with a) a CRT pacemaker (preferably in patients with ECG-QRS duration>120 ms or a raised natriuretic peptide level) or b) an ICD device (preferably in patients with VT or high number of VES in a 24 hour ECG [e.g. >10000] or with a raised procalcitonin level), or c) with a CRT-D combination device if ≧2 of the ECG and biomarker criteria are fulfilled, then this results in a) prolonged well-being as assessed by better NYHA class or exercise capacity, b) higher hand grip strength, c) better quality of life, d) prevention or delay of development congestive heart failure, e) better survival, f) reduced length and/or frequency of stays in hospital, g) better compliance with chemotherapy regimens, and/or h) better tumor regression as measured by standard statistical criteria.

The characteristics of the invention being disclosed in the preceeding description, the subsequent tables, figures, and claims can be of importance both singularly and in arbitrary combination for the implementation of the invention in its different embodiments.

The foregoing description of preferred embodiments of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form described, and many modifications and variations are possible in light of the teaching above.

The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical applications to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.

TABLE SET 1 This page indicates the general study group characteristics age [A]), body weight [B], body mass index [C], and heart rate [D]. A Unpaired t-test for age in years Grouping Variable: VT/VES > 10k y/n Mean Diff. DF t-Value P-Value n, y 1.177 42 .290 .7731 Count Mean Variance Std. Dev. Std. Err n 38 58.669 79.776 8.932 1.449 y 6 57.492 125.113 11.185 4.566 B Unpaired t-test for body weight in kg Grouping Variable: VT/VES > 10k y/n Mean Diff. DF t-Value P-Value n, y −6.252 42 −1.296 .2021 Count Mean Variance Std. Dev. Std. Err n 38 66.882 118.843 10.901 1.768 y 6 73.133 133.851 11.569 4.723 C Unpaired t-test for body mass index in kg/m2 Grouping Variable: VT/VES > 10k y/n Mean Diff. DF t-Value P-Value n, y −.121 42 −.086 .9316 Count Mean Variance Std. Dev. Std. Err n 38 23.092 10.207 3.195 .518 y 6 23.212 9.304 3.050 1.245 D Unpaired t-test for heart rate in 1/min Grouping Variable: VT/VES > 10k y/n Mean Diff. DF t-Value P-Value n, y 2.967 39 .665 .5098 Count Mean Variance Std. Dev. Std. Err n 35 72.800 82.106 9.061 1.532 y 6 69.833 236.167 15.368 6.274

TABLE SET 2 This page indicates the study group characteristics NYHA class [E], UICC cancer disease severity [F] and Karnofsky index [G]. E Unpaired t-test for NYHA class Grouping Variable: VT/VES > 10k y/n Mean Diff. DF t-Value P-Value n, y .007 39 .017 .9863 Count Mean Variance Std. Dev. Std. Err n 37 1.757 .578 .760 .125 y 4 1.750 .250 .500 .250 F Unpaired t-test for UICC cancer disease severity Grouping Variable: VT/VES > 10k y/n Mean Diff. DF t-Value P-Value n, y −.139 40 −.225 .8230 Count Mean Variance Std. Dev. Std. Err n 36 2.861 1.894 1.376 .229 y 6 3.000 2.400 1.549 .632 G Unpaired t-test for Karnofsky-Index in % Grouping Variable: VT/VES > 10k y/n Mean Diff. DF t-Value P-Value n, y 1 −5.784 40 −1.520 .1363 Count Mean Variance Std. Dev. Std. Err n 37 86.216 68.619 8.284 1.362 y 5 92.000 20.000 4.472 2.000

TABLE SET 3A This page indicates the study group characteristics cardiac left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF triplan [H]), cardiac size (LVEDD [I]), and systolic blood pressure [K]. H Unpaired t-test for LVEF triplan in % Grouping Variable: VT/VES > 10k y/n Mean Diff. DF t-Value P-Value n, y −1.648 22 −.338 .7389 Count Mean Variance Std. Dev. Std. Err n 20 58.602 72.583 8.520 1.905 y 4 60.250 122.917 11.087 5.543 I Unpaired t-test for LVEDD in mm Grouping Variable: VT/VES > 10k y/n Mean Diff. DF t-Value P-Value n, y −4.233 29 −1.102 .2797 Count Mean Variance Std. Dev. Std. Err n 26 47.027 57.305 7.570 1.485 y 5 51.260 90.728 9.525 4.260 K Unpaired t-test for systolic plood pressure in mmHg Grouping Variable: VT/VES > 10k y/n Mean Diff. DF t-Value P-Value n, y −8.095 39 −.983 .3315 Count Mean Variance Std. Dev. Std. Err n 35 127.571 358.017 18.921 3.198 y 6 135.667 273.467 16.537 6.751

TABLE SET 3B This page indicates the study group characteristics exercise time [L], objective exercise capacity (peak VO2 per kg body weight in mL/kg/min [M]), and total exercise capacity (i.e. total peak VO2 in mL/min [N]). L Unpaired t-test for exercise time in seconds Grouping Variable: VT/VES > 10k y/n Mean Diff. DF t-Value P-Value n, y 72.100 39 .519 .6065 Count Mean Variance Std. Dev. Std. Err n 35 784.600 90450.071 300.749 50.836 y 6 712.500 155331.100 394.121 160.899 M Unpaired t-test for Peak VO2 in mL/min/kg Grouping Variable: VT/VES > 10k y/n Mean Diff. DF t-Value P-Value n, y 4.718 39 1.775 .0837 Count Mean Variance Std. Dev. Std. Err n 35 21.134 35.922 5.993 1.013 y 6 16.417 38.030 6.167 2.518 N Unpaired t-test for total exercise capacity, i.e. total peak VO2 in mL/min Grouping Variable: VT/VES > 10k y/n Mean Diff. DF t-Value P-Value n, y 193.368 39 .986 .3301 Count Mean Variance Std. Dev. Std. Err n 35 1441.793 183072.751 427.870 72.323 y 6 1248.425 291018.795 539.462 220.234

TABLE SET 4 This page indicates the study group characteristics MR-proANP [O] level and procalcitonin level [P]. O Unpaired t-test for MR-proANP in pmol/L Grouping Variable: VT/VES > 10k y/n Mean Diff. DF t-Value P-Value n, y −58.609 37 −1.676 .1021 Count Mean Variance Std. Dev. Std. Err n 34 88.071 3070.241 55.410 9.503 y 5 146.680 23966.287 154.810 69.233 P Unpaired t-test for Procalcitonin in ng/ml Grouping Variable: VT/VES > 10k y/n Mean Diff. DF t-Value P-Value n, y −6.591 37 −3.623 .0009 Count Mean Variance Std. Dev. Std. Err n 34 .048 .002 .044 .008 y 5 6.639 133.428 11.551 5.166 

1. A method for enhancing the performance and general condition of a subject without cardiac illness, characterized by connecting the heart of the subject with a cardiac pacemaker.
 2. Method according to claim 1 for treating a patient in order to reduce symptoms of shortness of breath, weakness and fatigue, and/or to reduce and/or reverse weight loss and/or to reduce and/or to reverse muscle wasting, and/or to improve general quality of life, and/or to reduce hospitalization length or rate or frequency, and/or to reduce cause-specific mortality, and/or to reduce total mortality, and/or to improve any combined endpoint of the above, wherein the heart of the patient is connected with the cardiac pacemaker.
 3. Method according to claim 1, wherein the heart of a patient suffering from cancer or from cachexia due to acute or chronic illness other than cardiac illness is connected with the cardiac pacemaker.
 4. Method according to claim 1, wherein the patient is suffering from cancer, COPD, chronic renal failure, liver cirrhosis, chronic infections and/or AIDS and/or is suffering from other non-cardiac disease causing or associated with cachexia and/or weight loss.
 5. Method according to claim 2, wherein the patient is suffering from cancer.
 6. Method according to claim 2, wherein the patient is suffering from pancreatic cancer.
 7. Method according to claim 1 to improve compliance to cancer therapy, particularly chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
 8. Method according to claim 2, wherein the patient is suffering from non-small cell lung cancer.
 9. Method according to claim 1, wherein the cardiac pacemaker is a cardiac resynchronisation device (CRT) and/or an automated internal cardiac defibrillator (ICD).
 10. Method according to claim 9, wherein the cardiac pacemaker is a cardiac resynchronisation device (CRT)
 11. Method according to claim 9, wherein the cardiac pacemaker is an automated internal cardiac defibrillator (ICD).
 12. Method according to claim 9, wherein the cardiac pacemaker is a cardiac resynchronisation device and an automated internal cardiac defibrillator (CRT-D).
 13. Method according to claim 1, wherein the cardiac pacemaker is implanted in the patient.
 14. Method according to claim 2, wherein the treatment comprises the use of the cardiac pacemaker.
 15. Method according to claim 14, wherein the cardiac pacemaker used is a cardiac resynchronisation device (CRT) and/or an automated internal cardiac defibrillator (ICD).
 16. Method according to claim 14, wherein the cardiac pacemaker used is a cardiac resynchronisation device (CRT).
 17. Method according to claim 14, wherein the cardiac pacemaker used is an automated internal cardiac defibrillator (ICD).
 18. Method according to claim 14, wherein the cardiac pacemaker used is a cardiac resynchronisation device and an automated internal cardiac defibrillator (CRT-D).
 19. Method according to claim 1, wherein the use of the cardiac pacemaker is conducted in such a way that the plasma level of natriuretic peptides is reduced in the patient.
 20. Method according to claim 1, wherein the use of the cardiac pacemaker is conducted in such a way that the plasma level of the natriuretic peptides ANP and/or BNP is reduced in the patient.
 21. Method according to claim 1, wherein the use of the cardiac pacemaker is conducted in patients with raised levels of natriuretic peptides.
 22. Method according to claim 21, where the raised level of natriuretic peptides is a raised plasma level or raised serum level of ANP, BNP, pro-ANP, NT-proANP NT-proBNP or MR-proANP.
 23. Method according to claim 1, where a raised level of natriuretic peptides, preferably ANP, BNP, pro-AN P, NT-proANP NT-proBNP or MR-proANP is considered to be raised when the level is above the upper limit of normal of the respective age- and gender-adjusted normal range as defined from a population of healthy subjects, preferably 1 to 10 times that of the upper limit of normal, more preferable 1 to 4 times that of the upper limit of normal, and even more preferable 1 to 2 times that of the upper limit of normal.
 24. Method according to claim 1, wherein the use of the cardiac pacemaker is conducted in such a way that intrinsic metabolic changes are induced in the skeletal musculature or in the fat tissue of the patient.
 25. Method according to claim 1, wherein the use of the cardiac pacemaker is conducted in such a way that the frequency of cardiac arrythmias is reduced and/or that cardiac arrythmias are terminated.
 26. Method according to claim 1, wherein the use of the cardiac pacemaker is conducted in patients with increased frequency of significant arrythmias as assessed in surface ECG or 24 hour ECG.
 27. Method according to claim 26, wherein the ECG is a 3- or 12 channel surface ECG or a 24 hour ECG.
 28. Method according to claim 1, wherein presence of ventricular tachycardia or increased frequency of ventricular extra systolies is diagnosed.
 29. Method according to claim 1, wherein presence of raised plasma levels or serum levels of procalcitonin is diagnosed.
 30. Method according to claim 1, wherein the use of the cardiac pacemaker is conducted in such a way that development of cardiac arrythmias and/of heart failure is reduced in patients with cancer, who are treated with drugs that are known to be cardiotoxic.
 31. Method according to claim 1, wherein the treatment with a pacemaker is accompanied by the use of a beta-blocker.
 32. Method according to claim 31, wherein the beta-blocker is Metoprolol, Bisoprolol, Bucindolol, Carvedilol, Nebivolol, Sotalol, Atenolol or Propranolol.
 33. Method according to claim 1, wherein the treatment with a pacemaker is accompanied by the use of an anti-arrhythmic drug.
 34. Method according to claim 33, wherein anti-arrhythmic drug is any one or a combination selected from the group of the drugs Amiodarone, Chinidin, Procainamid, Disopyramid, Ajmalin, Lidocain, Mexiletin, Phenytoin, Flecainid, Propafenon, Metoprolol, Bisoprolol, Bucindolol, Carvedilol, Nebivolol, Atenolol, Propranolol, Dronedaron, Sotalol, Bretylium, Verapamil, Diltiazem. 